• Quick retrieval from earlier learning (Evaluating research sources: primary vs secondary, authority, purpose). Students answer on mini whiteboards.
• Show answers together and note who needs support in the main task.

1. For a research project, is this usually a primary or a secondary source? the original data table from a scientist's experiment (primary source / secondary source) → primary sourcePrompt: Was it created at the time, by someone directly involved?
2. Read the question and choose. A study on the benefits of a sugary cereal was funded by the cereal company. What should a careful researcher do? (note the conflict of interest and look for independent studies / ignore it completely, because funded studies are always false / treat it as the most reliable source / only read the summary) → note the conflict of interest and look for independent studiesPrompt: Think about authority (who made it), currency (when), purpose (why) and evidence (how).
3. For a research project, is this usually a primary or a secondary source? a novelist's handwritten letters to her publisher (primary source / secondary source) → primary sourcePrompt: Was it created at the time, by someone directly involved?

• Show two openings to the same piece of writing and ask which makes them want to read on.
• Share the objective: Paraphrase, quotation or plagiarism?. Read the success criteria together.

• Work through the example out loud, saying why you do each step, not just what you do.
• Example: How should the student's version be classified? Original (Okafor, 2021): "Urban trees reduce summer temperatures by shading streets and releasing water vapour." Student: According to Okafor (2021), city trees cool streets in summer through shade and the moisture they give off.
• Step 1: Always credit sources. Use quotation marks for exact words, and paraphrase in your own words and structure; swapping a few words (patchwriting) is not enough.
• Step 2: New wording and sentence structure, with the source credited.
• Step 3: So the answer is: acceptable paraphrase (with citation)
• Answer: acceptable paraphrase (with citation)
• Pause after each step and ask a student to say what comes next.

• Do these together. Students try each step on whiteboards before you reveal it.
• Use the hints as prompts rather than giving the answer.

1. How should the student's version be classified? Original (Lee, 2019): "Teenagers who sleep less than seven hours are more likely to report low mood." Student: Teenagers who sleep under seven hours are more likely to report a low mood (Lee, 2019). (acceptable paraphrase (with citation) / correctly cited quotation / patchwriting (too close to the original) / plagiarism) → patchwriting (too close to the original)Prompt: Is the source credited? If not, it's plagiarism, whatever the wording.
2. Is this the right way to classify the student's version? Original (Lee, 2019): "Teenagers who sleep less than seven hours are more likely to report low mood." Student: Lee (2019) found a link between short sleep and low mood in teenagers. → acceptable paraphrase (with citation) (yes, it is correct / no, it is not correct) → yes, it is correctPrompt: Is the source credited? If not, it's plagiarism, whatever the wording.

• Students work on the student sheet. Circulate and check the first two answers of every student early.
• Students who finish: write a question of their own for a partner, with the answer.

The 6 questions are on the student sheet below, with answers in the key.

• Two questions on their own. Sort answers into got it / nearly / not yet to plan the next lesson.

1. How should the student's version be classified? Original (Ruiz, 2020): "The printing press transformed how ideas travelled across Europe." Student: The printing press transformed how ideas travelled across Europe, which was very important. (acceptable paraphrase (with citation) / correctly cited quotation / patchwriting (too close to the original) / plagiarism) → plagiarismPrompt: Is the source credited? If not, it's plagiarism, whatever the wording.
2. Is this the right way to classify the student's version? Original (Ruiz, 2020): "The printing press transformed how ideas travelled across Europe." Student: Printing changed the speed and reach of European thought, as Ruiz (2020) argues. → acceptable paraphrase (with citation) (yes, it is correct / no, it is not correct) → yes, it is correctPrompt: Is the source credited? If not, it's plagiarism, whatever the wording.

Free online practice with hints and printable worksheets for this skill: eurekami.com/english/grade-12.