• Quick retrieval from earlier learning (Genetic crosses and Punnett squares; Count chromosomes after mitosis, meiosis and fertilisation). Students answer on mini whiteboards.
• Show answers together and note who needs support in the main task.

1. Brown fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b). Two parents with genotypes BB and Bb are crossed. What percentage of the offspring are expected to have brown fur? → 100 %Prompt: Draw a Punnett square with one parent's alleles along the top and the other's down the side.
2. A body cell of a human has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in one of its gametes (sex cells)? → 23Prompt: Mitosis makes cells identical to the parent cell.
3. What is a phenotype? (a type of cell division / the alleles an organism has, such as Bb / the characteristic that is shown, such as eye colour / a chromosome) → the characteristic that is shown, such as eye colourPrompt: The genotype is the letters; the phenotype is what you see.

• Show a microscope image of cells and ask what students think they are looking at.
• Share the objective: Sex chromosomes and the chance of a boy or a girl. Read the success criteria together.

• Work through the example out loud, saying why you do each step, not just what you do.
• Example: A couple already have three daughters. What is the probability (in %) that their next baby will be XY?
• Step 1: Each pregnancy is independent: earlier children do not change the odds.
• Step 2: So the answer is: 50 %
• Answer: 50 %
• Pause after each step and ask a student to say what comes next.

• Do these together. Students try each step on whiteboards before you reveal it.
• Use the hints as prompts rather than giving the answer.

1. What is the probability (in %) that a baby will be biologically male (XY)? → 50 %Prompt: Draw a Punnett square for XX × XY.
2. Which gamete decides whether a baby is XX or XY? (the sperm cell / both equally / the egg cell / neither: it depends on diet) → the sperm cellPrompt: What sex chromosomes can each gamete carry?

• Students work on the student sheet. Circulate and check the first two answers of every student early.
• Students who finish: write a question of their own for a partner, with the answer.

The 6 questions are on the student sheet below, with answers in the key.

• Two questions on their own. Sort answers into got it / nearly / not yet to plan the next lesson.

1. Sex chromosomes: which statement is NOT true? (The chance of a baby being XY is about 50 % for each pregnancy. / Human body cells contain one pair of sex chromosomes. / After two XX babies, the next baby is more likely to be XY. / Every human egg cell carries an X chromosome.) → After two XX babies, the next baby is more likely to be XY.Prompt: Do earlier children change the odds?
2. A couple already have three daughters. What is the probability (in %) that their next baby will be XY? → 50 %Prompt: Draw a Punnett square for XX × XY.

Free online practice with hints and printable worksheets for this skill: eurekami.com/science/grade-9.