Science lesson plan · 8th grade (Year 9 in England) · 45 minutes
Transverse and longitudinal waves
Light, sound and waves
CCSS NGSS.MS-PS4-1CCSS NGSS.HS-PS4-1England: KS3 Physics: WavesEngland: GCSE Combined Science: Waves
Objective and success criteria
Students will: Transverse and longitudinal waves.
- I can answer questions on today's skill on my own, without help.
- I can explain each step and say why it works.
- I can check my answer and spot a mistake.
Before and after
Needs first: Parts of a wave; How sound travels through solids, liquids and gases
Leads to: Seismic waves as evidence for Earth's layers
Materials: Slinky or rope, Mirrors and torches, Mini whiteboards, A diagram or short video clip of the idea, Printed student sheet (below).
Warm-up · 5 min
- Quick retrieval from earlier learning (Parts of a wave; How sound travels through solids, liquids and gases). Students answer on mini whiteboards.
- Show answers together and note who needs support in the main task.
- Why does sound travel faster in steel than in air? (Particles in solids are close together and strongly linked, so vibrations pass on quickly / Steel is shiny / Air has no particles / Sound is magnetic) → Particles in solids are close together and strongly linked, so vibrations pass on quicklyPrompt: Think about how close particles are.
- 16 waves pass a point in 4 seconds. What is the frequency, in hertz (Hz)? → 4 HzPrompt: Frequency is the number of waves per second.
- 6 waves pass a point in 2 seconds. What is the frequency, in hertz (Hz)? → 3 HzPrompt: Frequency is the number of waves per second.
Hook · 5 min
- Ask the class to make a wave with a rope or slinky and describe what moves and what doesn't.
- Share the objective: Transverse and longitudinal waves. Read the success criteria together.
I do: model it · 10 min
- Work through the example out loud, saying why you do each step, not just what you do.
- Example: Is this a transverse or a longitudinal wave: seismic P waves?
- Step 1: In longitudinal waves, vibrations are parallel to the direction the wave travels.
- Step 2: So the answer is: longitudinal
- Answer: longitudinal
- Pause after each step and ask a student to say what comes next.
We do: guided practice · 10 min
- Do these together. Students try each step on whiteboards before you reveal it.
- Use the hints as prompts rather than giving the answer.
- Is this a transverse or a longitudinal wave: sound? (transverse / longitudinal) → longitudinalPrompt: Compare the direction of vibration with the direction the wave travels.
- A cork floats on a pond as ripples pass. What does the cork do? (spins in a circle quickly / sinks / bobs up and down but does not travel with the wave / moves along with the wave to the edge) → bobs up and down but does not travel with the wavePrompt: Waves transfer energy, not matter.
You do: independent practice · 10 min
- Students work on the student sheet. Circulate and check the first two answers of every student early.
- Students who finish: write a question of their own for a partner, with the answer.
The 8 questions are on the student sheet below, with answers in the key.
Exit ticket · 5 min
- Two questions on their own. Sort answers into got it / nearly / not yet to plan the next lesson.
- Is this a transverse or a longitudinal wave: seismic S waves? (transverse / longitudinal) → transversePrompt: Compare the direction of vibration with the direction the wave travels.
- What are compressions and rarefactions? (regions where particles are squashed together and spread apart in a longitudinal wave / the peaks and troughs of a transverse wave / the start and end of a wave / two kinds of light) → regions where particles are squashed together and spread apart in a longitudinal wavePrompt: Think of a slinky being pushed.
Watch out for
- Everyday meanings of words getting in the way of the science meaning: define key words explicitly.
- Remembering facts without the reason: ask "why?" and "what is the evidence?"
Support and stretch
Support
- Review first: Parts of a wave.
- Use concrete materials: slinky or rope.
- Give the first step of each question, or a partly worked example to finish.
- Pair with a confident partner for the guided practice.
Stretch
- Move on to: Seismic waves as evidence for Earth's layers.
- Explain a common mistake in writing and how to fix it.
- Write a word problem that uses today's skill, then solve a partner's.
Homework and more practice
Free online practice with hints and printable worksheets for this skill: eurekami.com/science/grade-8.
Free lesson plan from eurekami.com/lesson-plan-builder